This report applies the norm lifecycle theory, which analyzes norm development from emergence to cascade and internalization, to five case studies to to better understand the real-life strategies, tools of influence, dilemmas, and trade-offs that empower state-led norm processes. The report not only considers how norms develop, but also what role they play within the counter-hybrid posture of a state, and how they, in conjunction with countermeasures, shape adversarial hybrid behavior. Norms set international expectations of acceptable state behavior – yardsticks which the international community can leverage when calling out unscrupulous states.īut norms do not develop out of nothing. This paper is part of a series that argues that the West does have one powerful tool that can help shape hybrid threat actors. Yet, this case study finds that the Chinese pursuit of norm revision may be slow but more effective down the line as it spills over to other emerging powers. American freedom of navigation operations, as well as legal challenges and diplomatic engagement, all signal that many states prefer to maintain the existing norm of freedom of navigation in these areas. How can Western partners prevent this norm from changing? What actions can they take? Norms are not static, they can change with time. However, China’s actions are challenging established international norms – specifically ones of international passage and freedom of navigation. In recent years, this rhetoric has been backed up by concrete actions. Given these hybrid threats, how should Western states respond? Are there any tools available Western states have that can draw red lines into blurred lines of hybrid conflict? About this PaperĬhina has long maintained that it has sole exclusive control over the contested areas of the South China Sea. Belligerent powers introduce a new model of conflict fought by proxy, across domains, and below the conventional war threshold to advance their foreign policy goals while limiting decisive responsiveness of their victim. Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace (GCSC)Ĭonflicts between states have taken on new forms and hybrid operations play an increasingly important role in this volatile environment.Sustainability and the Energy Transition.Critical Materials, Minerals and Metals.Governance and International Organization.Strategic Stability: Deterrence and Arms Control.
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